History of bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder recognised by the American Psychiatric Association and listed under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) along with a complete set of criteria which is used across the world for diagnostic purposes. However Bipolar disorder wasn’t always listed in the DSM or even known by this name. Over centuries the knowledge and recognition of this mental disorder has evolved and grown. The first recorded mention of Bipolar disorder is attributed to Aretaeus from the ancient city of Cappadocia in Turkey as far back as the second century. Arataeus recognised some symptoms of both mania and depression and felt that they could be linked to each other. However in the second century there was no support of this theory and these important findings were ignored. The next appearance of Bipolar disorder in academic discussions was several centuries later in 1650. Scientist Richard Burton wrote and published the book ‘The Anatomy of Melancholia’, the first to successfully describe the condition of depression. In fact, this book is still used as a key reference in the mental health field and Burton is known as the Father of Depression as a mental illness. 2 centuries later, in 1854, Jules Falret introduced the term ‘folie circulaire’ which literally means circular insanity. This was because Falret had understood the difference between moments of depression and the times when the mood was heightened. Jules Falret also supported the idea that depression and suicide were linked together. In 1875, Falret’s findings were officially termed as Manic-Depressive Psychosis, a recognised psychiatric disorder. Falret was also the first to observe that the condition was often present in certain families and thus recognised the genetic linkage of the disorder. There was also a scientist Francois Baillarger who indicated the very important difference between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. In 1913, Emil Krapelin gave the field of mental health the term Manic-Depressive and studied the effects of the manic and depressive episodes. The unique approach to the mental illness became fully accepted during this time period and was the most widely theory in the early 1930’s. In 1948 Dr. John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist was successfully able to discover the positive effects of Lithium Carbonate to treat manic-depressive psychosis. Even today Lithium Carbonate is used as a medication for Bipolar disorder. In 1952 The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder analyzed the genetics of the disorder and through the 1960’s those afflicted with it were institutionalised with little help. This was because the Congress refused to recognise manic depression as a legitimate illness. It was only in the 1970’s that laws were established and enacted to help mentally ill patients and in 1979 the National Association of Mental Health was founded. In 1980 the term manic depressive disorder was changed to Bipolar disorder and was listed in the DSM.
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doctor
July 30th, 2010
Cocaine addiction treatment
Cocaine addiction has become quite common amongst the teens. People take cocaine for a variety of reasons ranging from peer pressure to experimenting. Ultimately these people fall in the trap of cocaine addiction and cant give up substance abuse. But there is still hope in the form of cocaine addiction treatment. Cocaine addiction treatment helps you to get rid of the habit of cocaine abuse once and for all. There are many different types of cocaine addiction treatments. The best from of treatment for cocaine abuse is prevention. If you are a cocaine addict, then you can start putting a halt to the habit gradually. First of all you will have to make your mind very strong that you want to leave the habit for good. Once you make your mind strong that you want to leave the habit, you can make strong efforts in that direction. You can also take the help of family members, friends and relatives to leave the habit. Emotional support from them is a must. Try to see why your habit is not only affecting you but the people around also. You are wasting your as well as your family’s income for a habit that will ruin your life. You should try to understand this point. You can also join cocaine addiction treatment forums and get help as to how to leave the habit. You will find a lot of past cocaine users who have been able to kick the habit are members on the forum to help you out. You can also get more information on cocaine addiction treatment sites. Try to divert your mind to some fruitful work when you feel the urge to snort cocaine. The urge to snort cocaine lasts for a few minutes. Try to control your urge in those beginning few minutes. Remember that there are so many other important things to do then to ruin your life in this habit. Remember that you don’t have to listen to the withdrawal symptoms of the body but the final decision that you have made up in your mind. In case in the past attempts you have failed to give up the habit, then you can join a cocaine addiction treatment centre. The treatment course will last for a few months, depending on the situation of the patient. The doctors over there will psychologically help you and teach you how to kick the habit once and for all.
charlotte08.org
medical
July 28th, 2010
Malignant hypertension
Malignant hypertension with accelerated high blood pressure is emergency conditions that should be promptly treated. Both these conditions have identical outcome as well as therapy. Malignant hypertension is an impediment of high blood pressure with elevated pressure and damages sensitive organs such as eyes, brain, kidney or lungs. This differs from other hypertension complications. The systolic as well as diastolic blood pressures are greater than 120 and 240. Though the blood pressure shoots high, it is difficult to bring down the pressure immediately. In emergency cases, it is being done, yet in the case of urgency; it is not rushed to bring it down. Malignant hypertension deals with small arteries and necrosis of arterioles. The red blood cells get damaged as the vessels are obstructed by the deposition of fibrin and this result in serious anemia. The common age for the occurrence of malignant hypertension is above 40 years and this is frequently seen in men than women. Moreover, the hypertensive emergencies are at a greater risk with black people. The target organs that get affected are mainly CNS, Kidney and heart. Malignant hypertension symptoms include headache, chest pain, vomiting, breathlessness, nausea, blurred vision and paralysis. In particular, the heart and CNS are totally involved in malignant hypertension. The reason for developing hypertension is not known. However, the causes include use of cocaine, oral contraceptives or some alpha stimulants. Withdrawal of alcohol, pregnancy complications are some of the causes for secondary hypertension. The main treatment focused is in reducing the arterial pressure by 25% in the initial 24 to 48 hours time. The main aim of this therapy is to decrease the blood pressure in 24 hours. Initially, malignant hypertension patients are asked to fast until they become stable. The moment they come to a stable stage, they are advised to take less salt diets and should aim in decreasing weight. These patients should confine their limitation to bed and resume to normal routines only when the blood pressure is controlled. Severe blood pressure is brought into control by essential hospitalization. Medications such as nitroprusside and nitroglycerin are recommended to reduce blood pressure. Beta-blockade is intravenously accomplished with Metoprolol. Other available medications are enalapril, verapamil and diltiazem. Pregnant patients are recommended Hydralazine as it increases the profusion of uterine. Basically, the severity of high blood pressure is controlled and then anti-hypertensive medications are given to control. These are oral medications. These medications are adjusted occasionally. Malignant hypertensions have to be controlled as if neglected may pilot to life threatening conditions such as heart failure, kidney failure, blindness and Infarction.
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health
July 27th, 2010
Acupuncture alternative medicine
Acupuncture is a
method of treatment that has been carried out for ages. Acupuncture is
a therapy that is based on the ancient Chinese theory of yin and yang.
Yin and Yang are two opposites that make the human body. Yin is
visualized as being cold, female and dark whereas yang is considered to
be warm, male and light. As neither of these can exist in isolation,
they exist together. They are not stationary. The interaction of yin as
well as yang forms a bipolar energy that is called as qi. Life is
possible because of the interplay that occurs between these two forces.
Yin and yang extend their influence to the body, mind and even
emotions.
Yin and yang are present in every organ of the body. The nutrients and
the histological structures are considered to be yin while the
functional activities are considered as yang. Certain organs such as
the liver are considered to be predominantly yang while others such as
the kidney are predominantly yin. In spite of the presence of such
organs, the balance of yin and yang is maintained in the body such that
the total sum of yin and yang is maintained
in a balanced state. This is believed to result in good health.
Acupuncture is viewed as the alternative medicine and is liked by the
patients as it does not comprise of a long process or a painful
process. Acupuncture relates to acupoints that are needled with fine
needles to trigger the silent energy. The acupuncture has the efficacy
of relieving pain and has proved to erase the pain signals. It solves
the problems of various ailments. The needling helps in releasing the
energy that is being blocked and results in reducing the pain. The pain
impulses lead to analgesic effect and at the level of the brain no pain
is felt.
The electrical acupuncture states that it works through the
electromagnetic field present in the body. This electrical field
influences maturation, growth as well as functioning of some cells.
Acupuncture points lie on the meridians and when they are triggered,
they alter the neurotransmitters and lead to sensation of pain. The
effects produced are sedative, analgesic, regulatory, enhancing and
immune. Acupuncture treats various common as well as uncommon
disorders. It shows improvement in the blood circulation, reduces high
blood pressure, stabilizes the heart stroke and controls the gastric
acid secretion. It as well triggers the release of hormones that helps
the body to respond to stress as well as injury.
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healthy
July 25th, 2010
Vaccinating children
Children today live a more privileged life than those a hundred or even fifty years before them did. They have the benefit of technology and scientific advancements. Children today take a lot more for granted than their grandparents or even parents did. Chief amongst this is health. Children today consider good health to be a given. They do not stop to consider that disease could be potentially harmful or even life threatening. There was a time when health was precious and easily hampered by any number of infections and diseases - be it small pox or influenza. But now, with the advent and acceptance of vaccinations, children are protected against almost all harmful diseases. Vaccinating children has become routine activity for parents, school and healthcare professionals. In fact, for any parent, vaccinating children is on the highest priority before anything else can be thought of. Vaccinating children is important because due to their less developed immune systems children are easy targets for the many virus and bacteria that are floating around. Also since children spend a lot of time with other children, the chances of picking up infections is higher. This makes vaccinating children to avoid them picking up infectious diseases that can be potentially harmful. When parents think about vaccinating children, several questions arise, including which vaccinations to give the children. For this, there are several schedules for vaccinating children that are available. These include a list of the vaccines along with the times and doses. The common vaccines that are used in vaccinating children cover almost all the major diseases. Developed countries like the US regularly update vaccination schedules to include newly developed vaccines like hepatitis B vaccine. When vaccinating children it is important to remember to give the child the basic vaccinations that are considered necessary to protect it. These include Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Meningitis C, Polio, Hib, Varicella, etc. When vaccinating children, parents should remember that if their child has a fever, the vaccination should be postponed Many parents worry about vaccinating children due to the side effects. Side effects for children who are vaccinated include soreness at the point of injection, slight fever, rash etc. However, it is important to remember that vaccinating children has more benefits as opposed to the side effects. Vaccinating children is important because the vaccines all have long term effects especially polio and meningitis C. Others like tetanus need booster shots every 10 years or so. This ensures that children are safe from the diseases that can be harmful to them and to others if they are the contagious type.
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medical
July 23rd, 2010
Forensic blood group analysis
A forensic serologist determines the characteristics of blood and the blood type. He also performs blood stain examination, blood testing and prepares for the testimony. These are the main job involved in forensic blood group analysis. This job also includes analyzing saliva, semen and other body fluids. Many crime labs do not have their own laboratory and this is being handled by a biochemist, a forensic biologist and other technicians. The forensic analysis performers are serologist with an M.D. or Ph.D. qualification. The need for a testimony by some expert is a must for certain crime fields. The other states depend on the forensic pathologists. The professors of hematology, biochemistry and immunology are the experts who are borrowed by the prosecution and crime departments for defense and evidences. The areas that involve examinations on bloodstain and evidence regarding blood are an integral segment of most crime scenes. These reports are a must for a police investigator and even for a bloodstain specialist. These forensic blood group analysis and examinations are considered to be valid and reliable. These estimates are of immense use and are frequently employed in blood testimony. Blood is the well-known, common and perhaps the most important substantial proof in the criminal justice today. This is only considered to be authentic evidence. There is nothing to replace these evidences such as medical or forensic. The presence of these evidences always has connection to the suspect as well as the victim and acts as the main support in the violence scene. Bloodstain patterns tell lots about movement and position of the crime, who was first attacked, how many times and in what manner. This resolves the best of the arguments of crime and in the least explanations everything is resolved. Criminals are intelligent and try ingenious ways to clean up their crime, hide it or completely erase the blood evidences, but regardless of whatever they do to conceal their crime, the forensic blood group analysis is one step ahead and can bring perfect solutions. The forensic blood group analysis is considered as the main evidence and the forensic serologists can give proper proof even with a single blood stain. The typing of blood is now referred to as the ABO system and is found to be the most powerful source in forensic analysis of any blood group. People are as well familiar with the Rh factor and the blood group systems and this is widely accepted that the blood reports or blood group analysis done by the forensic department is certainly genuine.
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health
July 22nd, 2010
Why antidepressants are good
The recent few years have witnessed a sharp increase in the numbers of treatments and medicines that can be given to any disease. The advancement in the field of science and technology is just marvelous. As a result, there are cures for several diseases. Similarly, even depression has witnessed the availability of several antidepressants that can be used for curing. Today treating depression includes a mixture of medication, psychotherapy, relaxation as well as ECT. People prefer antidepressant to cure themselves from depression. There are several antidepressants that are available to treat the people. The antidepressants are prescribed depending upon the severity of the condition, symptoms and many other factors. A doctor takes a lot of care in suggesting a particular antidepressant. This is because while there are some antidepressants that are interchangeable, there are some antidepressants that cannot be interchanged. These antidepressants help in correcting the various chemical changes within the brain. The imbalances in a person’s brain are balanced by these antidepressants. There are certain side effects that are produced by antidepressants as a result of the new addition of the antidepressants to the human body. Though antidepressants do at times produce drowsiness, they are much different from sleeping pills. Antidepressants are non addictive. Unlike most other addictive medications, one does not require to increase the dosage of antidepressants that he consumes. People who suffer from depression need not continue to use antidepressants for their entire lifetime. After they are cured from depression, they can begin to withdraw from using antidepressants. Antidepressants only work if a person is suffering from depression. Antidepressants do not improve a person’s mood if he is not suffering from depression. The usage of antidepressants is quite widely spread. Though there have been quite a few questions raised on the effectiveness of antidepressants, they are still being prescribed by doctors to numerous people and people are still recovering from depression. Antidepressants are not to be prescribed for even mild and moderate cases of depression. Only if a person feels is seriously suffering from depression, these drugs are to be given otherwise they may not be that effective. A person must consult a doctor if he really requires the dosage of any antidepressant instead of just using one. It is essential to diagnose depression at a nearly stage, just like any other disease. This is because prolonged depression can lead to a person taking a fatal decision such as suicide. Early diagnosis along with effective treatment can play in the faster curing of this health condition at a very early stage.
internet-brain.com
doctor
July 20th, 2010